Related Concept Videos
Types of Hormones
83.4K
Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.
83.4K
Types of Hormones
7.1K
Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
Steroids and eicosanoids fall under the category of lipid-soluble hormones. Steroids are derived from cholesterol and feature four interconnected carbon rings with variable side chains. Notable examples include estradiol from ovaries and testosterone from testes, exemplifying the critical roles of these lipid-soluble hormones in reproductive physiology. Eicosanoids, derived...
Steroids and eicosanoids fall under the category of lipid-soluble hormones. Steroids are derived from cholesterol and feature four interconnected carbon rings with variable side chains. Notable examples include estradiol from ovaries and testosterone from testes, exemplifying the critical roles of these lipid-soluble hormones in reproductive physiology. Eicosanoids, derived...
7.1K
Hormonal Regulation
36.0K
The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
36.0K
Hormonal Regulation
48.0K
Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
48.0K
Plant Hormones
27.5K
Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
27.5K
Sexually Transmitted Infections
1.0K
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
1.0K
You might also read
Related Articles
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Sort by
Same author
Quantification of gastric cancer biomarkers in the urine matrix by high internal phase emulsion polymer-based µsolid-phase extraction followed by HPLC-MS/MS.
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry·2026
Same author
Exodermal suberin contributes to ion homeostasis and growth in potato.
Journal of experimental botany·2026
Same author
A Novel Supported Polymer Inclusion Membrane Concept for Reagent-Efficient Membrane Design.
Membranes·2026
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 29, 2026

04:38
Assessment of Sexual Behavior of Male Mice
Published on: March 5, 2020
21.9K
Sexual Hormones Determination in Biofluids by In-Vial Polycaprolactone Thin-Film Microextraction Coupled with
Francesca Merlo1, Silvia Anselmi1, Andrea Speltini1
1Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
Summary
Polycaprolactone films offer efficient in-vial microextraction for sex hormones in biological samples. This green method provides rapid extraction and reusable films for accurate HPLC-MS/MS analysis.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Environmental Chemistry
- Biochemistry
Background:
- In-vial microextraction (IVME) integrates sample preparation steps into a single device.
- Polycaprolactone (PCL) films are explored for IVME applications.
- Determination of unconjugated sex hormones in biological matrices requires efficient sample preparation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the applicability of PCL polymeric films for low-capacity IVME of unconjugated sex hormones.
- To assess the performance of PCL films in biological samples like urine and serum using HPLC-MS/MS.
- To determine the efficiency, reusability, and greenness of the PCL-based IVME method.
Main Methods:
- Utilized PCL polymeric films for in-vial microextraction of sex hormones.
- Analyzed urine, bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) samples.
- Employed High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for quantification.
- Implemented matrix-matched calibration and Bradford assay for protein quantification.
Main Results:
- Achieved rapid extraction times (10-30 min) with satisfactory elution using ethanol.
- Obtained good recovery rates (55-122%) across different biological matrices.
- Demonstrated the need for protein matrix dilution and washing steps for clean extracts.
- Reported low limits of detection and quantification (0.01-3.0 ng mL⁻¹).
- Confirmed PCL film reusability for up to ten cycles.
Conclusions:
- PCL films are effective for the efficient extraction and clean-up of trace sex hormones in complex biological samples.
- The IVME method using PCL films adheres to green sample preparation principles.
- This technique offers a feasible alternative for routine analysis of sex hormones in biological fluids.

