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Genipin as an Effective Crosslinker for High-Performance and Flexible Direct-Printed Bioelectrodes.

Kornelia Bobrowska1, Marcin Urbanowicz1, Agnieszka Paziewska-Nowak1

  • 1Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Trojdena 4 St., 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.

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|January 28, 2026
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Summary

This study introduces a novel bioelectrode for glucose biosensing using genipin to crosslink enzymes and mediators. The developed graphite-based electrodes show high performance and accuracy, paving the way for non-invasive sweat glucose monitoring.

Keywords:
FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenasedirect printinggenipinmediated electron transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Electrochemistry
  • Biosensors

Background:

  • Efficient bioelectrode fabrication is crucial for biosensor performance.
  • Enzyme immobilization and electrode material significantly impact electron transfer and utility.
  • Natural crosslinkers offer biocompatible solutions for bioelectrode development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate a high-performance bioelectrode using a one-step crosslinking method.
  • To evaluate genipin as a natural crosslinker for FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) and thionine acetate.
  • To optimize bioelectrode performance by selecting suitable electrode materials and immobilization conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of bioelectrodes on flexible polyester substrates using direct printing.
  • One-step crosslinking of FAD-GDH and thionine acetate with genipin.
  • Comparative analysis of graphite, silver, and gold electrode materials.
  • Amperometric detection of glucose in artificial sweat.

Main Results:

  • Genipin significantly enhanced the catalytic performance of the bioelectrodes compared to other crosslinkers.
  • Graphite electrodes demonstrated superior performance due to their large electroactive surface area.
  • The developed bioelectrodes exhibited a linear amperometric response to glucose over clinically relevant concentration ranges (0.02-2 mM and 0.048-30 mM).
  • High detection accuracy was confirmed using artificial sweat samples.

Conclusions:

  • Genipin-based enzyme-mediator networks are effective for creating high-performance bioelectrodes.
  • Graphite is an optimal electrode material for this bioelectrode configuration.
  • The developed bioelectrode technology holds promise for non-invasive sweat glucose monitoring platforms.