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Related Concept Videos

Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

2.3K
Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.1K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.1K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

29.7K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
29.7K
Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)01:27

Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)

4.3K
α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
Conjugate addition results in a thermodynamically stable product. The reaction retains the stronger C=O bond at the expense of the weaker C=C π bond. The process is slow as the β carbon is less electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon.
Direct addition products are...
4.3K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.0K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.0K
Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

8.7K
Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
8.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
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Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography

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Transition Behavior in Blended Material Large Format Additive Manufacturing.

James Brackett1, Elijah Charles2, Matthew Charles2

  • 1The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.

Polymers
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Large-Format Additive Manufacturing (LFAM) can now create graded material transitions using a novel dual-hopper system on the Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) platform. This advancement enhances composite 3D printing by improving material boundaries and reducing delamination failures.

Keywords:
Additive Manufacturinglarge-formatmulti-materialthermoplastic composites

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Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components – Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM - T3DP)
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Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components – Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM - T3DP)
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Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components – Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM - T3DP)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Manufacturing Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Large-Format Additive Manufacturing (LFAM) enables multi-meter scale 3D printing of composites using pelletized feedstock.
  • Existing multi-material (MM) techniques in LFAM often lead to weak material boundaries and delamination.
  • The Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) system is a key LFAM platform for industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and investigate a novel dual-hopper configuration for the BAAM system to enable in situ material feedstock switching.
  • To study the influence of extrusion parameters and material properties on the transition behavior between different feedstocks.
  • To create graded transition regions in 3D printed parts, mitigating weak points found in traditional MM-LFAM.

Main Methods:

  • A dual-hopper configuration was integrated into the BAAM platform for seamless material switching.
  • Material transitions were analyzed using compositional analysis correlated with extruded volume.
  • The transition behavior was modeled using a Weibull cumulative distribution function (CDF).
  • Factors investigated included extrusion screw speed, component design, transition direction, and material viscosity.

Main Results:

  • Extrusion screw speed showed a negligible impact on the transition behavior.
  • Component designs aimed at improving material mixing resulted in larger blended material regions.
  • The relative difference and change in complex viscosity significantly influenced the size of the blended transition region.
  • Material transitions were successfully modeled using the Weibull CDF.

Conclusions:

  • The novel dual-hopper system effectively creates graded material transitions in LFAM.
  • Material transitions and tunable properties can be achieved by optimizing composite feedstock selection and modifying complex viscosities.
  • This approach offers a pathway to overcome delamination issues in multi-material LFAM, enhancing structural integrity.