Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 29, 2026
Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Ceramic Materials by Stereolithography
Published on: January 25, 2019
Shear Bond Strength of Additively and Subtractively Manufactured CAD/CAM Restorative Materials After Different
Sevim Atilan Yavuz1, Ayse Tugba Erturk-Avunduk1, Omer Sagsoz2
1Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mersin University, Mersin 33190, Türkiye.
Abstract:
This study aims to evaluate the effects of different surface treatments and adhesive systems on the shear bond strength (SBS) of additively manufactured (AM) and subtractively manufactured (SM) restorative materials. A total 675 rectangular specimens of three AM (Saremco Crowntec/SC, VarseoSmile CrownPlus/VC, and VarseoSmile TriniQ/VT) and two SM (Vita Enamic/VE and Cerasmart/CS) restorative materials were fabricated. Each material was randomly divided into three groups regarding surface treatments: control/C, sandblasting/S, and etching/E. Following surface treatments, each AM and SM restorative material was then divided into three subgroups (15 specimens/subgroup) on the basis of adhesive systems (etch-and-rinse, self-etch, and universal). All specimens were thermocycled at 10,000 cycles, 5-55 °C, 30 s dwell time, and tested under SBS until failure, and failure types were examined under a stereomicroscope. Representative specimens were examined by SEM to evaluate fracture morphology. Statistical analysis was set at p < 0.05. There were significant differences in bond strength according to the material, surface treatment, adhesives, and their interactions (p < 0.05). The highest SBS value was obtained with SC × sandblasting × etch-and-rinse (16.45 ± 0.93 MPa), while the lowest value was found in the CS × control × universal interaction (4.68 ± 1.1 MPa). Outcomes varied according to the materials, surface treatment, and adhesive strategy. Clinically, these findings indicate that SM materials may require various surface treatment to achieve reliable adhesion, whereas AM materials provide more similar bond strength performance with no surface treatment.
Related Concept Videos
01:12Bonding and Strength of Aggregate
02:49Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
01:27C4 Pathway and CAM
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
00:42Ionic Bonds
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
03:05Acid Strength and Molecular Structure
In the absence of any leveling effect, the acid strength of binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals (A) increases as the H-A bond strength decreases down a group in the periodic table. For group 17, the order of increasing acidity is HF < HCl < HBr < HI. Likewise, for group 16, the order of increasing acid strength is H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te. Across a row in the periodic table, the acid strength of binary hydrogen compounds increases with increasing...
01:24Treatment Strategies for Psychological Disorders
Psychological therapies focus on modifying emotions, thoughts, and behaviors through talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, challenging, and modeling. Clinical psychologists, counselors, and social workers commonly practice psychotherapy. Clinical...