Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 29, 2026
04:35
Rapid Isolation of Human Breast Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Published on: November 14, 2025
363
Caesarean Delivery Influences Breast Milk Composition-A Narrative Review
Maciej Maj1, Joanna Robaczyńska1, Maja Owe-Larsson1
1Department of Histology and Embryology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland.
Nutrients
|January 28, 2026
Summary
Caesarean section (CS) delivery alters breast milk composition, particularly in early lactation. While some changes may impact infant health, breastfeeding remains crucial for all infants.
Area of Science:
- Human milk composition
- Neonatal health
- Obstetrics
Background:
- Caesarean section (CS) rates are rising globally.
- CS delivery may influence human milk composition and infant health.
- Breastfeeding can mitigate some adverse health outcomes associated with CS.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review evidence on CS delivery's impact on human milk composition.
- To discuss implications for neonatal and infant health.
- To identify research gaps regarding CS and milk composition.
Main Methods:
- Narrative review of studies on delivery mode and human milk.
- MEDLINE database search conducted in July 2025.
- Qualitative synthesis of 54 selected studies from 1212 identified.
Main Results:
- CS is linked to transient, lactation stage-dependent changes in milk composition (colostrum, transitional milk).
- Alterations observed in macronutrients, minerals, immune factors, hormones, and microbiota.
- Effects on mature milk are less consistent; clinical significance for infant outcomes is unclear.
Conclusions:
- CS transiently alters human milk composition, with potential benefits and drawbacks for infants.
- Long-term infant health impacts of CS-associated milk changes require further investigation.
- Breastfeeding is essential for infant health, irrespective of delivery mode.
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