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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

3.3K
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

1.8K
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
1.8K
Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

28.2K
The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
28.2K
Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

4.2K
The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
4.2K
Body Temperature01:07

Body Temperature

1.4K
Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
The average body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F) and typically ranges from 36.1–37.2°C...
1.4K
Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

88.9K
The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
The collision theory is based on the postulates that (i) the reaction rate is proportional to the rate of reactant collisions, (ii) the reacting species collide in an orientation allowing contact between...
88.9K

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Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping
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A Cylindrical High-Temperature-Resistant Fiber-Optic Composite Sensor for Temperature and Pressure Measurement.

Siwei Zhang1, Quan Liu1, Jiaqi Liu2

  • 1School of Information Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a novel fiber-optic sensor for simultaneous high-temperature and pressure monitoring. The hybrid Extended Fabry-Perot Interferometer-Fiber Bragg Grating (EFPI-FBG) sensor achieves accurate measurements in harsh environments up to 600°C.

Keywords:
cylindrical pressure chamberextrinsic Fabry–Pérot interferometerfiber Bragg gratinghigh-temperaturepressure

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Area of Science:

  • * Materials Science and Engineering
  • * Optical Sensing Technologies
  • * Instrumentation and Measurement

Background:

  • * Demand for robust sensors in extreme conditions (high temperature, high pressure).
  • * Limitations of existing sensors in harsh industrial and research environments.
  • * Need for simultaneous measurement of temperature and pressure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To develop and validate a novel fiber-optic composite sensor for simultaneous temperature and pressure sensing.
  • * To address the challenges of high-temperature and high-pressure monitoring.
  • * To create a high-performance sensor for harsh environments.

Main Methods:

  • * Design of a cylindrical sensor integrating Extended Fabry-Perot Interferometer (EFPI) and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG).
  • * Utilizing a cylindrical pressure chamber to convert pressure to axial deformation modulating EFPI cavity length.
  • * Employing FBG for temperature compensation, with one end floating to isolate from pressure effects.

Main Results:

  • * Demonstrated linear relationship between EFPI cavity length and pressure (sensitivity: 0.171 μm/MPa, R²: 0.9986).
  • * Achieved stable sensor operation at temperatures up to 600 °C and pressures up to 20 MPa.
  • * Successfully implemented a decoupling matrix for accurate simultaneous dual-parameter sensing.

Conclusions:

  • * The EFPI-FBG hybrid sensor offers a viable solution for simultaneous temperature and pressure measurement in harsh environments.
  • * The sensor design effectively compensates for temperature interference, ensuring accurate pressure readings.
  • * The demonstrated performance validates the sensor's potential for high-performance monitoring applications.