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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

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High-Resolution Spatiotemporal-Coded Differential Eddy-Current Array Probe for Defect Detection in Metal Substrates.

Qi Ouyang1, Yuke Meng1, Lun Huang2

  • 1School of Automation, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A novel multi-differential eddy-current array (M-DECA) probe enhances near-surface defect detection in metal substrates. This technology offers high-resolution imaging and precise quantitative characterization of defects, improving inspection accuracy.

Keywords:
defect detectiondifferential eddy-current array probehigh-resolution imagingquantitative evaluationspatiotemporal coding

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electromagnetism
  • Non-Destructive Testing

Background:

  • Near-surface defects in metal substrates pose challenges due to weak geometric features, low signal amplitude, and poor spatial resolution.
  • Existing eddy-current methods often struggle with high-density spatial sampling and common-mode noise rejection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a high-resolution spatiotemporal-coded eddy-current array probe for improved detection of near-surface defects.
  • To establish a theoretical electromagnetic coupling model and conduct simulations to understand probe-substrate interactions.
  • To quantitatively characterize near-surface defects and establish relationships between defect properties and eddy-current responses.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a theoretical electromagnetic coupling model for probe-substrate interaction.
  • Finite-element simulations to analyze skin effect, eddy-current distribution, and impedance response (1-10 MHz).
  • Design and implementation of a 64-channel multi-differential eddy-current array (M-DECA) probe and experimental platform.
  • Frequency-sweeping experiments and quantitative analysis of defect characteristics.

Main Results:

  • An optimal trade-off between signal amplitude and spatial geometric consistency was achieved at a 50 kHz excitation frequency.
  • Quantitative characterization of near-surface defect diameters yielded low relative errors (3.50%-6.35%).
  • A power-law relationship was identified between defect area and differential eddy-current array response amplitude (R²=0.9034).

Conclusions:

  • The proposed M-DECA probe provides high-resolution imaging and quantitative characterization of near-surface defects in metal substrates.
  • This technology offers an effective solution for electromagnetic detection of near-surface, low-contrast defects.
  • The study demonstrates the probe's capability to accurately assess defect size and properties.