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The Emerging Threat of Monkeypox: An Updated Overview.
Galal Yahya1,2, Nashwa H Mohamed3,4, Al-Hassan Soliman Wadan5
1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharqia 44519, Egypt.
Viruses
|January 28, 2026
Summary
Monkeypox (MPOX) is a global zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV). This review details MPOX epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, diagnostics, and treatment strategies for effective public health response.
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Virology
- Public Health
Background:
- Monkeypox (MPOX), caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), is an emerging zoonotic orthopoxvirus.
- MPXV, endemic in Africa, has recently caused global outbreaks, highlighting human-to-human transmission risks.
- MPXV transmission occurs via close contact, respiratory droplets, and sexual contact.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of MPOX epidemiology, virology, and clinical aspects.
- To summarize current diagnostic methods, transmission dynamics, and management strategies.
- To inform stakeholders on MPOX control and identify research gaps for emerging zoonotic diseases.
Main Methods:
- Literature review synthesizing current evidence on MPOX.
- Analysis of epidemiological data, viral characteristics, and clinical presentations.
- Evaluation of diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic interventions.
Main Results:
- MPOX presents with fever, lymphadenopathy, and rash, with recent atypical presentations noted.
- Molecular testing is key for diagnosis; differential diagnosis includes other vesicular illnesses.
- Antivirals (tecovirimat, brincidofovir) and smallpox vaccines show efficacy in MPOX management.
Conclusions:
- Global MPOX outbreaks necessitate enhanced surveillance, rapid diagnostics, and coordinated public health actions.
- Understanding MPXV reservoirs, evolution, and transmission is crucial for containment.
- Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps in MPOX and similar zoonotic diseases.
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