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Related Concept Videos

What is Variation?01:14

What is Variation?

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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Variation01:19

Variation

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An important characteristic of any set of data is the variation in the data. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in other data sets, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean. The most common measure of variation, or spread, is the standard deviation, which is the square root of variance.
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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
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Enterovirus D68 Sequence Variations and Pathogenicity: A Review.

Yi Zhu1, Liting Wang1, Jun Shen1

  • 1Infectious Disease Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China.

Viruses
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) genomic variations influence its ability to cause severe illness and outbreaks. Monitoring mutations in key regions like VP1 is crucial for predicting and preparing for future epidemics.

Keywords:
Enterovirus D68genomic variationnon-structural proteinspathogenicitystructural proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genomics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a neurotropic respiratory virus linked to pediatric acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) and severe respiratory illness.
  • Recurrent epidemics of EV-D68, noted since 2014, highlight the need to understand its virulence factors.
  • Genomic determinants significantly modify EV-D68 pathogenicity by affecting host interactions, immune evasion, and replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review genomic sites that enhance EV-D68 virulence.
  • To focus on critical regions: VP1 receptor-binding site, 2Apro/TRAF3 cleavage site, and 3Cpro immunoregulatory region.
  • To propose monitoring key virulence determinants for outbreak preparedness.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of genomic variations in EV-D68.
  • Analysis of mutations in VP1, 2Apro/TRAF3, and 3Cpro regions.
  • Correlation of sequence variations with host-receptor interactions, immune evasion, and replication efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Mutations in the VP1 site alter affinity for host receptors (sialic acid, heparan sulfate, MFSD6), impacting viral entry and tropism.
  • Alterations in the 2Apro/TRAF3 cleavage site may reduce immune evasion by impairing TRAF3 cleavage, thus decreasing pathogenicity.
  • Variations in the 3Cpro region modulate viral replication and antiviral responses by affecting cleavage of host proteins involved in translation and autophagy.

Conclusions:

  • Specific genomic sites, including VP1, 2Apro/TRAF3, and 3Cpro, are critical for EV-D68 virulence.
  • Monitoring mutations in these regions, especially the surface-exposed VP1, is essential for effective outbreak preparedness.
  • Understanding genomic determinants of EV-D68 virulence can improve strategies for managing and preventing epidemics.