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Related Concept Videos

Deformation in a Circular Shaft01:10

Deformation in a Circular Shaft

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One of the distinctive characteristics of circular shafts is their ability to maintain their cross-sectional integrity under torsion. In other words, each cross-section continues to exist as a flat, unaltered entity, simply rotating like a solid, rigid slab. To understand the distribution of shearing stress within such a shaft, consider a cylindrical section inside this circular shaft. This section has a length of L and a radius of R, with one end fixed. The radius of the cylindrical section is...
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Consider the elastic torsion formula, which applies to a circular shaft with a consistent cross-section. This formula assumes that the shaft's ends are loaded with rigid plates firmly attached. However, in many cases, torques are applied to the shaft through mechanisms like flange couplings or gears, which are connected by keys inserted into keyways. This application method modifies the stress distribution near the point of torque application, causing it to deviate from the distributions...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Oropharyngeal Administration of Bleomycin in the Murine Model of Pulmonary Fibrosis
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Circular RNA circSmad4 controls pulmonary fibrosis.

Anna Jeong1,2, Taewon Kook3, Yun-Gyeong Lee1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Korea.

The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology : Official Journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Circular RNA circSmad4 drives pulmonary fibrosis by activating fibroblasts via the miR-671-5p/Fgfr2 pathway. Silencing circSmad4 shows therapeutic potential for treating this progressive lung disease.

Keywords:
Extracellular matrixPulmonary fibrosiscircSmad4miR-671-5p

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease with limited therapies, characterized by fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix deposition.
  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) regulate gene expression, but their role in pulmonary fibrosis remains largely unknown.
  • Investigating novel molecular targets is crucial for developing effective treatments for pulmonary fibrosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of circSmad4 in pulmonary fibrosis.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of targeting circSmad4 in pulmonary fibrosis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model.
  • Employed small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence circSmad4.
  • Conducted in vitro experiments using TGF-β1-induced fibroblast activation models.
  • Analyzed gene and protein expression, including fibrosis-related markers and cytokines.
  • Investigated the miR-671-5p/Fgfr2 axis and used FGFR2-IN-1 for pharmacological inhibition.

Main Results:

  • circSmad4 expression was significantly upregulated in pulmonary fibrosis models.
  • Silencing circSmad4 alleviated lung fibrosis, reduced collagen deposition, and decreased inflammatory cytokine levels.
  • circSmad4 promotes fibroblast activation by suppressing miR-671-5p and upregulating FGFR2 expression.
  • si-circSmad4 treatment inhibited pro-fibrotic genes and extracellular matrix protein expression.
  • Pharmacological inhibition of FGFR2 mimicked the anti-fibrotic effects of si-circSmad4.

Conclusions:

  • circSmad4 acts as a key regulator in pulmonary fibrosis by modulating fibroblast activation, ECM deposition, and inflammation.
  • Targeting circSmad4 presents a promising novel therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis.
  • The circSmad4/miR-671-5p/Fgfr2 axis is a critical pathway in fibrotic lung disease progression.