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Effects of 3DVR-haptic simulation training on cognitive functions: a functional neuroimaging pilot study using
Neshka Manchorova1, Dimitar Kolev2, Angelina Kirkova-Bogdanova3
1Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|January 28, 2026
Summary
This study shows that 3D virtual reality (VR) haptic simulation training in endodontics enhances cognitive functions. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) revealed significant brain network changes correlating with improved executive functions.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Medical Education
- Cognitive Science
Background:
- Technological advancements in neuroscience offer new insights into behavior and cognition.
- 3D virtual reality (VR) haptic simulation is emerging as a training tool in various fields, including endodontics.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate changes in functional brain cognitive networks activated by 3D VR haptic-based simulation training in endodontics.
- To assess the impact of this training on cognitive functions and electrophysiological brain activity.
Main Methods:
- A pretest-postest interventional study involving 15 dental students using a 3D VR-haptic simulator for endodontic practice.
- Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) with standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (swLORETA) was used to measure brain connectivity changes before and after a one-hour training session.
- The Trail Making Test (TMT) was administered to assess executive functions.
Main Results:
- Significant changes in brain activity were observed in the beta frequency range, particularly in the left frontal dorsolateral area, left insula, and hippocampus.
- Connectomics analysis revealed substantial changes in specific intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs).
- Participants showed significant improvements in TMT scores, indicating enhanced executive functions post-training.
Conclusions:
- 3D VR-haptic simulation in endodontics actively engages cognitive functions including executive functions, visuospatial skills, and attention.
- Objective electrophysiological changes measured by swLORETA qEEG correlate with neuropsychological performance improvements.
- swLORETA qEEG is a promising, cost-effective, and safe method for validating the cognitive effects of VR haptic simulation training.
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