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Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples
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Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

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Current update on toll-like receptors and prostate cancer: a decade of progress and emerging insights

Jahnavi Janjirala1, Matthew Blanton1, Kenneth S Ramos2

  • 1Center for Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 28, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a complex role in prostate cancer, influencing tumor growth or immunity. Understanding TLR signaling is key for developing new immunotherapies and biomarkers for this common cancer.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Prostate cancer is a leading cause of mortality in men, with disease relapse posing significant clinical challenges.
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs), innate immune sensors, have been implicated in prostate cancer initiation and progression.
  • Advances in understanding TLRs reveal their dual role in cancer, promoting tumor growth or activating anti-tumor immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of Toll-like receptor (TLR) biology in prostate cancer.
  • To summarize recent discoveries regarding TLR expression, ligands, and microRNA regulation.
  • To discuss the potential of TLRs in biomarker development and immunotherapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent research on TLRs in prostate cancer.
  • Analysis of studies on TLR expression, endogenous ligands, and microRNA-mediated regulation.
  • Evaluation of preclinical and clinical data on TLR-targeted immunotherapies.

Main Results:

  • TLR signaling in prostate cancer is context-dependent, influencing either tumor promotion or anti-tumor immunity.
  • Recent studies have elucidated TLR expression patterns on immune and tumor cells and identified key inflammatory ligands.
  • MicroRNA regulation of TLR signaling and the impact of TLR polymorphisms on cancer risk have been uncovered.

Conclusions:

  • TLR biology offers complex insights into prostate cancer pathogenesis.
  • Further understanding of TLR signaling complexities is crucial for advancing biomarker discovery.
  • TLR-targeted immunotherapies present promising avenues for future prostate cancer treatment strategies.
Keywords:
cancer immunityimmune checkpoint inhibitorimmunotherapyinnate immunityprostate cancertoll-like receptors

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