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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

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Emerging Evidence for Three-Dimensional (3D)-Printed Guide Templates in Cervical Spine Trauma Surgery: A Scoping

Vikash Raj1, Aakash Jain2, Vishal Kumar3

  • 1Orthopaedics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Deoghar, IND.

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|January 28, 2026
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Summary

Three-dimensional printing (3DP) assisted surgery for cervical spine fractures significantly reduces operative time, blood loss, and fluoroscopy compared to traditional methods. This technology shows promise for improving surgical efficiency and patient outcomes in complex spinal injuries.

Keywords:
cervical spine fractureconventional surgerysystematic reviewtemplate‎3d printing

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Cervical spine fractures necessitate precise surgical fixation.
  • Conventional freehand pedicle screw placement often leads to extended operative times, increased blood loss, and frequent fluoroscopy.
  • Three-dimensional printing (3DP) offers patient-specific templates to potentially enhance safety and efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review evaluating the effectiveness of 3DP-assisted surgery versus conventional methods for cervical spine fractures.
  • To synthesize evidence on operative time, blood loss, and fluoroscopy usage.

Main Methods:

  • Adherence to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus for comparative studies.
  • Included four retrospective comparative studies (189 patients) with quality assessment and random-effects meta-analysis.

Main Results:

  • 3DP-assisted surgery demonstrated significant reductions in operative time (mean difference: -32.3 min), intraoperative blood loss (mean difference: -121.6 ml), and fluoroscopy frequency (mean difference: -3.8 shots).
  • Slightly lower pain scores at 12 months were observed in the 3DP group.
  • Low to moderate heterogeneity and no significant publication bias were identified.

Conclusions:

  • 3DP-assisted cervical spine surgery enhances operative efficiency and reduces intraoperative burden compared to conventional techniques.
  • Findings support the feasibility of 3D-printed guide templates in cervical spine trauma.
  • Results are hypothesis-generating due to injury pattern heterogeneity and should be interpreted cautiously.