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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints01:03

Structural Joints: Fibrous Joints

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Fibrous joints are a type of joint where the bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue. These joints provide stability and minimal to no movement between the articulating bones. There are three types of fibrous joints.
Suture
All the bones of the skull, except for the mandible, are joined to each other by a fibrous joint called a suture. The fibrous connective tissue found at a suture strongly unites the adjacent skull bones and thus helps to protect the brain and form the face. In...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

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Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
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Method of Joints01:30

Method of Joints

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The method of joints is a commonly used technique to analyze the forces in structural trusses. The method is based on the principle of equilibrium, which assumes that the truss members are connected by frictionless pins. The forces at each joint can be determined by considering the equilibrium of the forces acting on that joint.
Since plane truss members are in the same plane, each joint is subjected to a coplanar and concurrent force system. To apply the method of joints, the first step is to...
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Method of Joints: Problem Solving I01:30

Method of Joints: Problem Solving I

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The method of joints is a commonly used technique to analyze the forces in structural trusses. The method is based on the principle of equilibrium, which assumes that the truss members are connected by frictionless pins. The forces at each joint can be determined by considering the equilibrium of the forces acting on that joint. Consider a truss structure with two forces of 20 N and 10 N acting at joints C and D, respectively. The method of joints can be used to determine the forces FCB, FDC,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging
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Author Spotlight: Improved Methods for Preparing Transverse Sections and Unrolled Whole Mounts of Maize Leaf Primordia for Fluorescence and Confocal Imaging

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A 3D stem diameter measurement method for field maize at jointing stage: combining RLRSA-PointNet++ and structural

Jing Zhou1, Yijia Tang1, Mingren Cui1

  • 1College of Information Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel 3D method for measuring maize stem diameter, improving accuracy in precision agriculture. The approach enhances lodging resistance assessment and yield prediction for maize crops.

Keywords:
PointNet++maize stem diametersemantic segmentationstructural feature fittingthree-dimensional point cloud

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Engineering
  • Computer Vision
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Accurate maize stem diameter measurement is vital for lodging resistance and yield prediction in precision agriculture.
  • Existing manual and 2D methods are subjective, time-consuming, and lack 3D structural information.
  • A need exists for automated, accurate 3D stem diameter measurement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an automated 3D stem diameter measurement method for maize plants.
  • To improve the accuracy and reliability of stem diameter measurements during the critical jointing stage.
  • To provide a foundation for advanced maize growth monitoring and phenotypic analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Generated 3D point clouds of maize stems using multi-view image reconstruction.
  • Improved PointNet++ network with Relative Position Encoding, Local Group Rearrangement, and Self-Attention for precise stem segmentation.
  • Applied structural feature fitting, including principal axis analysis and ellipse fitting, for diameter estimation.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high accuracy in complex field conditions.
  • Reported a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 1.27 mm for major-axis diameter (R² = 0.87).
  • Reported an MAE of 1.38 mm for minor-axis diameter (R² = 0.82).

Conclusions:

  • The proposed 3D method overcomes limitations of traditional measurement techniques.
  • Offers a robust and accurate solution for maize stem diameter measurement at the jointing stage.
  • Supports intelligent maize growth monitoring, lodging resistance analysis, and 3D trait extraction.