Tooth-Bone Integrated Organoids via Bioactive Glass Mediated Dual Interface Bonding and Rapid Osteogenesis

Large maxillofacial bone defects severely impair oral function and aesthetics, and current treatments involving autologous bone grafting followed by prosthetic restoration are associated with high surgical trauma and prolonged rehabilitation. Herein, we present a tooth-bone integrated organoid (TBO) strategy that synchronously reconstructs bone and dental implant structures in vitro, aiming to achieve dual restoration of structure and function post-implantation. Bioactive glass (BG) was employed as a multifunctional "bond" that not only established effective adhesion between BG callus organoids and BG-Si₃N₄ implants via dual-interface bonding with soft and hard tissues, but also acted as an active stimulant and mineralization agent to accelerate the hypertrophy and ossification of callus organoids in the late stage of endochondral ossification. Simultaneously, BG enhanced the osteogenic potential and osseointegration of the dental implants through bioactive ion release and interfacial mineralization. This approach boldly confronts and attempts to resolve the dual challenges of maxillofacial bone defects repair and dental arch restoration, offering a clinically translatable pathway toward integrated structural and functional maxillofacial regeneration.