An Overview of Biosensors and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV): A Systematic Review

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes more than 30 million cases of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) and approximately 3 million hospitalizations globally each year. Although RSV is particularly dangerous for young children, older adults and individuals with underlying health conditions or weakened immune systems are also at risk. Rapid diagnosis of RSV infection is crucial to ensure timely treatment and prevent disease spread. While conventional diagnostic techniques exist, many are time-consuming, expensive, or labor-intensive. Biosensors have recently emerged as a promising alternative.

This review involved gathering original articles published in English from various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, between August and October, 2024. Additionally, reference lists from these articles were examined in Google Scholar for further relevant sources. Out of 147 electronically searched citations, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria.

Genosensors, particularly those employing Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) and electrochemical detection, demonstrated the most significant potential for RSV diagnosis. Biosensors are increasingly being applied for RSV detection due to their high sensitivity, accuracy, and rapid results. The most prevalent conventional techniques for RSV detection include immunofluorescence (IF), ELISA, cell culture, and RT-PCR (Real-time PCR). While molecular methods are fast and sensitive, they require advanced laboratory equipment and trained personnel. In contrast, biosensors offer a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective diagnostic approach.

Biosensors represent a significant advancement in RSV diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited settings. Enhancing biosensor technology could improve accessibility, speed, and accuracy in RSV detection, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and reduced disease transmission.