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Cohesion

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 29, 2026

Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers

Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers

Published on: September 3, 2014

High-Modulus and High-Damping Ionic Polymers Enabled by Cohesive Entanglement.

Ziyang Liu¹, Xiaowei Wang¹, Minzhi Duan²

¹Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|January 28, 2026

Summary

Researchers developed new amphoteric ionic polymers (AIPs) that overcome the modulus-damping trade-off. These high-performance materials offer both high stiffness and excellent energy dissipation for advanced applications.

Keywords:

high damping high modulus impact resistant ionic liquid ionic polymer mechanical properties

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Last Updated: Jan 29, 2026

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Published on: April 8, 2011

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry

Background:

High-modulus polymers rely on crosslinking and intermolecular forces for stiffness.
High-damping polymers dissipate energy through molecular segment movement.
A fundamental trade-off exists between achieving high modulus and high damping in polymers.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop novel polymers that simultaneously exhibit high modulus and high damping.
To overcome the inherent modulus-damping trade-off in polymer design.
To explore the potential of these materials in impact-resistant applications.

Main Methods:

Synthesized amphoteric ionic polymers (AIPs) using acid-base neutralization.
Employed a cohesive entanglement strategy driven by side-chain ionic interactions.
Characterized the mechanical properties, including Young's modulus and damping coefficient (loss factor, tan δ).

Main Results:

Achieved a high Young's modulus of 0.9 GPa.
Obtained a high damping coefficient (loss factor, tan δ) up to 1.5.
Demonstrated the simultaneous achievement of high modulus and high damping.

Conclusions:

The developed AIPs successfully balance the modulus-damping trade-off.
Side-chain ionic interactions are key to the cohesive entanglement strategy.
These polymers show promise for advanced impact-resistant applications, including transparent coatings and vibration damping systems.