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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...

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Heart Failure Self-Care and Spirituality: An Integrative Review.

YeoJeong Nam¹, Kristen A Sethares²

¹YeoJeong Nam, MSN, RN, PhD candidacy of nursing, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Massachusetts.

The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing

|January 28, 2026

Summary

Spirituality enhances heart failure (HF) self-care by fostering meaning and self-transcendence. Healthcare providers should integrate spiritual support, considering individual social and cultural contexts for better HF self-care management.

Keywords:

heart failure holistic nursing self-care spirituality

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Area of Science:

Integrative review methodology.
Health sciences research.
Patient self-care studies.

Background:

Heart failure (HF) prevalence and economic burden are increasing globally.
Spirituality positively influences mental and physical health in HF patients.
Spirituality aids in regaining purpose, meaning, and self-transcendence.

Purpose of the Study:

Identify knowledge gaps regarding spirituality and HF self-care.
Analyze benefits, barriers, definition, and measurement of spirituality in HF.
Synthesize evidence on the relationship between spirituality and HF self-care.

Main Methods:

Integrative review of 15 studies (January 2013 - August 2024).
Searched CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, and manual search.
Utilized Hawker et al.'s critical appraisal tool for quality assessment.

Main Results:

Spirituality defined as seeking meaning/connection; FACIT-Sp scale most common.
Spirituality acts as a predictor of self-care in HF.
Facilitators include social support, resilience, gratitude; barriers include disease severity, cultural differences.

Conclusions:

Spirituality is an inner resource enhancing HF self-care through meaning and self-transcendence.
Healthcare providers should assess and support spiritual needs in HF patients.
Individualized self-care support must consider social and cultural contexts.