Structural Design and Modification of Porphyrin-Based Nanovesicles for Enhanced Biomedical Functionality

Porphyrin-based nanovesicles have emerged as promising platforms for pharmaceutical applications due to their inherent biocompatibility and unique photosensitive properties. Their vesicular architecture facilitates both photodynamic and photothermal therapies while enabling targeted drug delivery through photoactivation. Incorporation of porphyrins into nanovesicle bilayers enhances therapeutic efficacy, stability, and cellular uptake. Moreover, porphyrins' ability to chelate metal ions extends their use to diagnostic imaging and theranostics. Specifically, cobalt-chelated porphyrin vesicles have demonstrated potential for the targeted delivery of macromolecules, including peptides and vaccines. This review highlights recent advances in the design, modification, and biomedical application of porphyrin-based nanovesicles, with a focus on their chemical versatility and multifunctionality.