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Is intermittent swimming lazy or clever?

Daniel B Quinn1,2

  • 1Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.

Science Robotics
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study shows how efficient motors in a robotic fish demonstrate the benefits of burst-and-coast swimming. This swimming style conserves energy for aquatic robots and animals.

Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Biomimetics
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Burst-and-coast swimming is a common locomotion strategy observed in many aquatic animals.
  • Understanding the efficiency of this swimming style can provide insights into animal locomotion and robotic design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the motor efficiency of a zebrafish-like robot.
  • To elucidate the advantages of burst-and-coast swimming through robotic emulation.

Main Methods:

  • A robotic model mimicking zebrafish swimming dynamics was developed.
  • Motor efficiency was analyzed during simulated burst-and-coast swimming gaits.

Main Results:

  • The robotic model demonstrated significant energy savings using the burst-and-coast strategy.

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  • Peak motor efficiency was achieved during the 'coast' phase, with reduced energy expenditure.

    • Conclusions:

    • The findings support the hypothesis that burst-and-coast swimming is an energetically advantageous locomotion method.
    • Robotic models can effectively replicate and explain biological swimming principles, aiding in the design of efficient aquatic vehicles.