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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

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Dry electrode impedance: a new approach towards improved characterization.

Laurens Kreilinger1,2, Stefan Zott2, Werner Hemmert1,3,4

  • 1TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express
|January 28, 2026
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A new setup accurately measures electrode-skin impedance, crucial for reliable electrophysiological signals. This system ensures reproducible results, aiding in the development of better dry electrodes.

Keywords:
EISdry electrodesthree-electrode setup

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Electrophysiology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electrode-skin impedance significantly impacts electrophysiological signal quality and measurement reliability.
  • Accurate characterization of electrode-skin impedance is essential for advancing signal acquisition technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a reproducible measurement setup for characterizing electrode-skin impedance.
  • To compare the performance of different dry electrode types using the developed setup.

Main Methods:

  • A novel reproducibility measurement setup was designed, utilizing a saline-soaked membrane to mimic electrode-skin impedance.
  • Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was employed within a frequency range of 1 Hz to 20 kHz.
  • Controlled pressure application to the working electrode (WE) and comprehensive parameter measurement were integrated.

Main Results:

  • The setup demonstrated high reproducibility, with a standard deviation of 5.5% of the mean impedance across multiple builds.
  • Potentiostatic and impedance analyzer measurements showed comparable results for six dry electrode types, with an average error of 10%.
  • Significant impedance variations (up to 10,000-fold at low frequencies) were observed among different dry electrode materials and geometries; Ag/AgCl coatings reduced impedance by 100-fold at 1 Hz.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed setup offers a standardized and reproducible method for evaluating electrode impedance.
  • This approach facilitates the comparative analysis of various electrode materials, coatings, and geometries for improved electrophysiological measurements.
  • The findings highlight the substantial impact of electrode design on impedance characteristics, particularly at low frequencies.