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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Understanding how an object moves along a path requires distinguishing between motion over a time span and motion at a precise moment. A useful example is a vehicle traveling along a straight and level path, where its position at any given time is known. The initial step in analyzing this motion is to measure how far the vehicle travels over a fixed time period. This measurement, called average velocity, is computed by dividing the total change in position by the duration over which the change...
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A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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The moment of inertia is a quantitative measure of the rotational inertia of an object. It is defined as the sum of the products obtained by multiplying the mass of each particle of matter in a given body by the square of its distance from the axis. The total moment of inertia for compound objects can be found by determining and adding the moment of inertia of individual components together.
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

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The Surgical Objective Structured Clinical Examination: A Literature Review.

Brynn Petras Charron1, Carson Norkum2, Parham Rasoulinejad1

  • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Western University, London, Canada.

Journal of Surgical Education
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surgical Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (S-OSCEs) offer a comprehensive assessment of surgical trainees. Video-based S-OSCEs show promise for overcoming adoption barriers in competency-based medical education.

Keywords:
S-OSCEeducationpost-graduate trainingsurgical residency

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Surgical Training Assessment
  • Competency-Based Medical Education (CBME)

Background:

  • Traditional surgical assessment tools like OSCE and OSATS have limitations.
  • The Surgical Objective Structured Clinical Examination (S-OSCE) integrates theoretical and technical skills assessment.
  • S-OSCE aligns with competency-based medical education (CBME) frameworks such as CanMEDS and ACGME.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the implementation of S-OSCEs in surgical training.
  • To identify trends in S-OSCE development and application.
  • To inform future assessment strategies in surgical curricula.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was performed across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus.
  • Inclusion criteria focused on studies assessing both theoretical and technical skills in surgical disciplines.
  • 16 studies met the criteria after screening 1101 articles.

Main Results:

  • The 16 studies covered 6 surgical specialties.
  • Most S-OSCEs utilized multiple-choice/short-answer tests and OSATS/global rating scales.
  • Video-based assessments were increasingly used to mitigate bias and logistical challenges, with Canadian programs leading in studies.

Conclusions:

  • S-OSCEs demonstrate potential for valid and reliable surgical competency assessment.
  • Logistical, financial, and staffing issues hinder widespread S-OSCE adoption.
  • Video-based S-OSCEs present a scalable solution, improving feedback and reducing resource demands.