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A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis

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Flavor molecules regulate appetite through the gut-brain Axis: An emerging perspective.

Qinfei Ke¹, Yongkang Zheng¹, Chi-Tang Ho²

¹Collaborative Innovation Center of Fragrance Flavour and Cosmetics, School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China.

|January 28, 2026

Summary

Bioactive flavor molecules regulate appetite and metabolism through the gut-brain axis. This review integrates their effects on gut microbes, satiety signals, and neurotransmitters for functional food development.

Keywords:

Appetite regulation Flavor molecules Gut-brain axis Metabolic regulation

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Area of Science:

Nutritional Neuroscience
Microbiome Research
Metabolic Regulation

Background:

Bioactive flavor molecules influence appetite and energy metabolism.
Their complex mechanisms involve the gut-brain axis but lack integrated understanding.
Existing research often focuses on single components, limiting a holistic view.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize the integrated mechanisms of bioactive flavor molecules on appetite and energy metabolism.
To consolidate regulatory pathways involving the gut microbiota, satiety signaling, and neural networks.
To highlight the potential of these molecules in functional food development.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of existing literature on bioactive flavor molecules.
Analysis of pathways including microbiota modulation, receptor targeting, and neurotransmitter regulation.
Integration of findings across microbial, endocrine, and neural systems.

Main Results:

Identified three core regulatory pathways: microbiota enhancement, receptor activation, and neurotransmitter modulation.
Demonstrated synergistic effects of molecules like eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, and capsaicin.
Highlighted the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and neurotransmitters (GABA, 5-HT, dopamine).

Conclusions:

Bioactive flavor molecules act as multifunctional gut-brain modulators.
Their synergistic actions offer novel strategies for targeting the gut microbiota.
These findings support the development of functional foods for appetite and metabolic control.