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Maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy and pubertal development in children: A cohort study
Julie Lyngsø1, Nis Brix2, Andreas Ernst3
1Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus 8000, Denmark; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)
|January 28, 2026
Summary
Maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy may impact daughters' pubertal timing. High coffee intake (8+ cups daily) was linked to earlier puberty in daughters, but not sons.
Area of Science:
- Reproductive Health
- Pediatric Endocrinology
- Human Development
Background:
- The impact of prenatal maternal coffee consumption on human reproductive health and pubertal timing remains unclear.
- Understanding factors influencing puberty onset is crucial for assessing long-term health outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the association between maternal coffee consumption during early pregnancy and the timing of pubertal development in daughters and sons.
- To determine if high maternal coffee intake affects the age of menarche, Tanner stages, voice breaks, or first ejaculation.
Main Methods:
- A cohort study including 15,819 children (Puberty Cohort) born to mothers in the Danish National Birth Cohort (2000-2003).
- Maternal coffee consumption was self-reported during early second trimester; children's pubertal development was self-recorded from age 11 to 18.
- Adjusted mean differences in attaining pubertal milestones were calculated for daughters and sons based on maternal coffee intake.
Main Results:
- Daughters of mothers consuming 8 or more cups of coffee daily experienced pubertal development approximately 2 months earlier compared to daughters of non-coffee-consuming mothers.
- No significant differences in pubertal development timing were observed in sons based on maternal coffee consumption levels.
- A combined estimate indicated a -2.1 month difference (95% CI: -3.9; -0.3) in earlier pubertal development for daughters exposed to high maternal coffee intake.
Conclusions:
- High maternal coffee consumption (≥8 cups/day) during pregnancy may be associated with earlier pubertal development in daughters.
- Prenatal coffee exposure does not appear to influence the timing of pubertal development in sons.
- Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and explore underlying mechanisms.
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