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Related Concept Videos

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

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Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due...
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Gene Therapy00:59

Gene Therapy

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Gene therapy is a technique where a gene is inserted into a person’s cells to prevent or treat a serious disease. The added gene may be a healthy version of the gene that is mutated in the patient, or it could be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the patient’s disease-causing gene. For example, in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase, a functioning version of the gene can be...
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Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
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Potential Energy00:52

Potential Energy

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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
Chemical bonds that form attractive forces between atoms also contain potential energy, called chemical energy. When a chemical reaction...
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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Author Spotlight: Learning Systematic Bronchoscopy in a Simulation-Base Setting
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Advanced bronchoscopy therapies for emphysema: current state and future potentials.

Anand Tana1,2, Pallav L Shah1,2

  • 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Foundation Trust.

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
|January 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) offers minimally invasive options for emphysema. Novel therapies like sealants and coils show promise for patients with homogeneous disease or collateral ventilation, expanding treatment possibilities.

Keywords:
airway scaffoldsairway stentsbronchoscopic lung volume reductionbronchoscopic thermal vapor ablationendobronchial coilsendobronchial valves

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Interventional Bronchoscopy
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Emphysema, a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) phenotype, involves irreversible lung damage, leading to air trapping and symptoms despite medical treatment.
  • Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) presents minimally invasive alternatives to surgery for symptomatic emphysema patients.
  • Current BLVR methods face limitations in treating homogeneous disease and patients with collateral ventilation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current applications of advanced bronchoscopic therapies for emphysema.
  • To explore future directions and emerging treatments in BLVR.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established BLVR techniques including endobronchial valves and thermal vapor ablation.
  • Discussion of novel bronchoscopic therapies such as sealants, endobronchial coils, and airway stents/scaffolds.
  • Analysis of patient selection criteria, focusing on emphysema distribution and collateral ventilation.

Main Results:

  • Established BLVR techniques aim to reduce lung volume by inducing atelectasis in diseased lobes.
  • Novel therapies are being developed to address limitations of current methods, potentially treating a wider patient population.
  • Emerging modalities like sealants, coils, and stents may improve outcomes for patients with homogeneous disease and collateral ventilation.

Conclusions:

  • Existing BLVR therapies are not ideal for all emphysema phenotypes, particularly homogeneous disease and those with collateral ventilation.
  • Emerging bronchoscopic treatments demonstrate potential for an expanded therapeutic landscape.
  • Further research is needed to establish long-term safety, durability, and optimal patient selection for novel BLVR interventions.