Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes in cats: a comparative clinical review

Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes (CPSs) in cats represent a diverse group of rare dermatological manifestations that occur as indirect consequences of underlying neoplasia. These syndromes are thought to arise due to tumour-associated systemic effects, including dysregulation of immune responses, metabolic disturbances and aberrant production of cytokines or growth factors. Recognising CPSs is clinically relevant, as they may serve as early indicators of occult neoplasia, guiding timely diagnosis and intervention.

Diagnosing CPSs requires a high index of suspicion, particularly in older cats with atypical dermatological presentations. Skin biopsies are needed for distinguishing CPSs from primary dermatopathies, and imaging investigations aid in tumour localisation. The treatment for CPSs involves addressing the underlying malignancy. In cases where surgical resection or chemotherapy successfully reduce tumour burden, partial or complete resolution of cutaneous signs has been documented. However, the prognosis remains guarded, particularly for aggressive neoplasms such as pancreatic and biliary carcinomas.

This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on feline CPSs, focusing on their clinical presentation, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach and therapeutic options. It also aims to summarise current knowledge and identify gaps that can inform future research, with the ultimate goal of advancing understanding and increasing awareness among veterinarians of these complex conditions.