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Population developmental hazard of over-the-counter NSAIDs.
Franciszek Burdan1, Maciej Burdan2, Maja Potępa3
1Experimental Teratology Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland. fb3@wp.pl.
Folia Medica Cracoviensia
|January 29, 2026
Summary
Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol are commonly used during pregnancy. While some studies suggest risks like miscarriage and birth defects, others show good prenatal tolerability, especially when used cautiously under medical advice.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Reproductive Medicine
- Pediatric Health
Background:
- Commonly ingested over-the-counter (OTC) medications during pregnancy include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol.
- These medications were previously considered safe for both mothers and fetuses.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the developmental toxicity associated with OTC NSAIDs during pregnancy.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on epidemiological studies and expert opinions regarding NSAID use in pregnancy.
Main Results:
- Epidemiological studies indicate potential risks including spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth retardation, premature ductus arteriosus constriction, and congenital anomalies.
- Other reports suggest good prenatal tolerability or even benefits for specific maternal conditions.
- NSAIDs may induce ductus arteriosus constriction and affect renal function after week 20 of gestation.
Conclusions:
- Pregnant women should avoid xenobiotics, especially multidrug therapy.
- If OTC NSAIDs are necessary, they should be used at the lowest effective dose under physician consultation.
- NSAIDs should be used cautiously after week 20 and withdrawn by week 32, with low-dose aspirin as a specific exception.
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