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Spinal Compression Fracture Mechanisms in Mountain Biking: An Accident Reconstruction Approach.

Sophie Bonte^1,2, Guillaume Olgiati¹, Arsène Thouzé²

¹Laboratoire de Biomécanique Appliquée, Aix Marseille Univ, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Marseille, France.

Global Spine Journal

|January 29, 2026

Summary

Mountain biking (MTB) forward falls cause spinal fractures away from impact sites due to combined forces. Current back protector tests may not reflect real-world crash dynamics for thoracolumbar injuries.

Keywords:

accident reconstruction finite element analysis injury mechanism mountain biking spinal injury

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Sports Medicine
Injury Prevention

Background:

Mountain biking (MTB) causes significant spinal injuries, with thoracolumbar compression fractures linked to forward falls.
The biomechanical mechanisms of these fractures and the efficacy of current back protectors (tested perpendicularly) are poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate biomechanical mechanisms of thoracolumbar fractures in MTB forward falls.
Evaluate if current back protector testing standards adequately address real-world crash scenarios.

Main Methods:

Simulated 44 back-impact scenarios using a THUMS V4 finite element model.
Analyzed effects of impact velocity, angle, friction, and body position on spinal loading.
Predicted injuries using force, moment, stress, and strain.

Main Results:

84% of simulations resulted in vertebral fractures, occurring distant from the impact site.
Identified three fracture pathways (Magerl type A) influenced by impact angle and velocity.
Normal velocity was the primary injury risk predictor; impact angle determined fracture location.

Conclusions:

Simulated fractures result from combined axial loading and hyperflexion, not direct impact.
Current back protector testing protocols (EN1621-2) do not replicate real-world loading mechanisms.
Existing protective gear may not sufficiently mitigate complex spinal injuries in MTB crashes.