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Related Concept Videos

Ions and Ionic Charges03:27

Ions and Ionic Charges

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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

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Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Complementary DNA01:44

Complementary DNA

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
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Charge Directed Selective Co-Assembly of Ionic Complementary Peptide Binary Mixtures.

Abdulwahhab Khedr1,2, Mohamed A N Soliman1,3, Alfred Corrigan4

  • 1Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|January 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Controlling peptide nanostructure co-assembly is challenging. This study uses electrostatic interactions to selectively assemble peptides, demonstrating precise control over material properties by tuning charge, pH, and stoichiometry for advanced peptide-based materials.

Keywords:
co‐assemblyhydrogelsmulticomponentnanofiberspeptides

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Multicomponent peptide nanostructures are promising for functional materials.
  • Controlling the co-assembly of these peptides is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of electrostatic molecular recognition for selective co-assembly of peptide mixtures.
  • To understand how charge distribution, stoichiometry, and pH affect assembly behavior and material properties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized five amphiphilic ionic peptide binary mixtures (M1-M5).
  • Manipulated mixing stoichiometry and pH to observe co-assembly.
  • Analyzed nanofiber morphology, network structure, and hydrogel viscoelasticity.

Main Results:

  • Charge distribution dictates beta-sheet alignment, assembly kinetics, and hydrogel properties.
  • pH significantly impacts co-assembly, with optimal interactions between pH 5-7.
  • Stoichiometry influences morphology, leading to self-sorted or hetero-aggregated structures.

Conclusions:

  • Electrostatic interactions provide precise control over peptide nanostructure formation.
  • Tuning charge complementarity, ionization state, and stoichiometry enables rational design of peptide-based materials.
  • This work offers a framework for developing advanced functional peptide materials.