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Appendicitis-I: Introduction01:22

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
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Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy: Progress in clinical application.

Li-Qin Luo1, Xiao-Ping Xu1, Yu-Yang Zhang1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Normal University, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha 410005, Hunan Province, China.

World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
|January 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy (ERAT) offers a promising alternative to surgery for appendicitis. This technique shows advantages in treating uncomplicated appendicitis and abscesses, with potential for other forms too.

Keywords:
Acute uncomplicated appendicitisAppendiceal abscessEndoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapyPerforating appendicitisStump appendicitis

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Surgical Innovation

Background:

  • Appendicitis is a leading cause of emergency abdominal surgery globally.
  • Fecalith obstruction is a primary cause of appendicitis.
  • There is increasing interest in appendix-preserving treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current advancements in Endoscopic Retrograde Appendicitis Therapy (ERAT).
  • To provide a clinical practice summary of ERAT for physicians.
  • To highlight ERAT as an emerging diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ERAT applications.
  • Analysis of ERAT efficacy in various appendicitis types.
  • Synthesis of clinical data on ERAT outcomes.

Main Results:

  • ERAT demonstrates significant advantages over conservative treatment and appendectomy for acute uncomplicated appendicitis.
  • ERAT is effective in managing appendiceal abscesses.
  • Case studies indicate ERAT's applicability to perforating, stump, and chronic appendicitis.

Conclusions:

  • ERAT is an effective appendix-preserving method for specific appendicitis cases.
  • ERAT presents a viable alternative to traditional appendectomy.
  • Further research and clinical adoption of ERAT are warranted.