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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
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Early-Phase Exercise-Based Comprehensive Cardiac Rehabilitation Program after Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized

Özge Ocaker Aktan1, Sevgi Özalevli2, Hüseyin Dursun3

  • 1Institute of Health Sciences.

Acta Cardiologica Sinica
|January 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early cardiac rehabilitation (CR) significantly improves exercise capacity, fatigue, sleep, and quality of life in myocardial infarction (MI) patients. Structured early CR programs promote faster recovery and better long-term outcomes after MI.

Keywords:
Cardiac rehabilitationEarlyMyocardial infarction

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major global cause of death and illness.
  • Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) improves cardiovascular outcomes but optimal timing and components are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate an early-phase, exercise-based supervised comprehensive CR program.
  • Assess effects on functional exercise capacity, grip strength, fatigue, sleep quality, and HRQOL in MI patients.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized controlled trial with 32 stable MI patients.
  • Intervention group: two-phase supervised CR (aerobic, calisthenic, strengthening) within 1 week post-MI for 8 weeks.
  • Control group: usual care.

Main Results:

  • Intervention group showed significant improvements in 6-minute walk distance (97.3 m), 30-second sit-to-stand test (3.1 reps), grip strength (5.7 kg), fatigue scores (8.8 points), sleep quality (-2.7 points), and HRQOL (p < 0.05).
  • No adverse events reported.

Conclusions:

  • Early-phase supervised CR significantly enhances physical capacity, fatigue, sleep, and HRQOL in MI patients.
  • Consider early structured CR for faster recovery and improved long-term MI outcomes.