Synergistic terahertz platforms for precision oncology

THz technology is expected to provide breakthroughs for precision oncology due to its physical nature, such as non-ionizing radiation nature, sensitivity to water and fingerprint recognition. Yet, its clinical application is severely limited due to their drawbacks: shallow penetration depth, difficult interpretation and sensitivity. This review examines recent interdisciplinary advances that integrate THz technology with materials science, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence (AI), computational modeling, gene editing, and microfluidics to develop intelligent diagnostic and therapeutic systems capable of supporting the full oncology continuum-from tumor imaging and biomarker detection to treatment monitoring and drug delivery assessment. For example, combining THz with metamaterials or nanostructures enhances sensitivity for trace-level biomarker detection; AI algorithms enable rapid, accurate interpretation of complex spectral data for automated diagnosis; and convergence with microfluidics and CRISPR-based systems has led to ultra-sensitive liquid biopsy platforms. These integrated approaches not only address existing technical barriers but also open pathways toward multifunctional theranostic systems with practical clinical utility. By fostering cross-disciplinary collaboration, THz technology can be further optimized to enable more accurate, effective, and personalized cancer care, transforming its potential from foundational research into real-world clinical impact.