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Gain and phase shift are properties of linear circuits that describe the effect a circuit has on a sinusoidal input voltage or current. The circuit's behavior that contains reactive elements will depend on the frequency of the input sinusoid. As a result, it is observed that the gain and phase shift will all be frequency functions.
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Updated: Jan 30, 2026

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
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Gestational Weight Gain and Early Child Neurodevelopment: Prospective Cohort Study.

Weiying Liu1, Xuanshu Wang1, Feng Wu1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.

BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
|January 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Very low gestational weight gain (GWG) and GWG trajectories ending low are linked to increased neurodevelopmental delays in children. Very high GWG in overweight/obese mothers also elevates risks for these delays.

Keywords:
early childhoodgestational weight gainneurodevelopmenttrajectory

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Area of Science:

  • Maternal and Child Health
  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Gestational weight gain (GWG) is a critical factor influencing maternal and infant outcomes.
  • Understanding the impact of GWG patterns on early childhood neurodevelopment is essential for public health interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) z-scores and their trajectories with neurodevelopmental delays in children aged 0-24 months.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 19,702 mother-singleton child pairs in Shenzhen, China.
  • Group-based trajectory modeling was used to define GWG z-score trajectories.
  • Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations between GWG z-scores, trajectories, and neurodevelopmental delays using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire.

Main Results:

  • Very low GWG (z-score < -1.5) was associated with increased risks of delays in communication, gross motor skills, problem-solving, and personal-social skills.
  • Among overweight/obese mothers, very high GWG (z-score > 1.5) correlated with higher risks of problem-solving and personal-social skill delays.
  • GWG trajectories ending at low levels were linked to higher risks of neurodevelopmental delays.

Conclusions:

  • Very low GWG and trajectories ending low are associated with modestly increased risks of neurodevelopmental delays.
  • Excessive GWG in mothers with overweight or obesity also poses a risk for neurodevelopmental delays in children.