The Geography of Mediterranean Benthic Communities Under Climate Change

Seafloors are crucial to marine ecosystems for the functions and services they provide. Benthic organisms, vital to these ecosystems, are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Rising temperatures, ocean acidification, and shifting currents disrupt benthic species and communities, yet future related impact assessments remain limited. Here, we trained species distribution models with predictors from state of the art physical and biogeochemical marine models and a large database of species records (> 100,000 occurrences) to project the current and future distributions of ~350 benthic species (excluding cephalopods, invasive species, and commercially exploited species) and their related changes per site in diversity (α-) and community composition (β-diversity) over the Mediterranean Sea. We predicted most species to shift their distribution northwards for all future scenarios due to changes in water temperature and dissolved oxygen close to the seafloor, with up to 60% of species experiencing range contraction, 77% moving northwards, 20% experiencing range fragmentation (measured as range disjunctions in models' output), and 30% moving toward deeper waters over time. Cold-adapted species were more likely to face range contraction and shifts towards deeper waters, while warm-adapted species were more likely to face range expansions and shifts towards shallower waters. α-diversity increased in the Northern and decreased in the Southern Mediterranean, respectively. Changes in β-diversity within sites highlighted compositional changes (species turnover) in communities located in the Aegean and Tyrrhenian Seas, in deep parts of the Ionian Sea, and in coastal regions of the Adriatic Sea. Climate-smart, ecosystem-based Marine Spatial Planning can capitalize on the identified hotspots of species losses, gains, stability, and turnover. Prioritizing connectivity in regions of strong turnover and extending protected areas in regions with stable α-diversity and limited turnover is recommended for improved conservation actions.