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Related Concept Videos

Survey Safety01:28

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Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use of warning signs and flagmen. It is safest to avoid working directly on roads and use offsets whenever possible. When highway work is unavoidable, it must follow all safety guidelines. Surveyors should wear bright clothing, such as orange reflective vests, to ensure visibility to motorists, coworkers, and hunters. In construction zones, wearing...
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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Introduction to Surveying, Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveys01:27

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Surveying is the art and science of mapping the earth's surface. It involves measuring distances, angles in horizontal or vertical directions, and levels to understand the shape and size of land features. Surveying techniques are essential for various tasks, such as identifying the levels of a land area with reference to a specific point, and mapping undulations and water bodies.There are two main types of surveying: plane surveys and geodetic surveys. Plane surveys assume the earth is flat,...
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Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

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Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
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Errors and Mistakes in Surveying01:19

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Errors and mistakes in surveying refer to inaccuracies in measurements and data recording. The errors are deviations from the actual value caused by human sensory limitations, equipment flaws, or environmental effects. These errors are typically unintentional and can result from the inherent imperfections in the instruments used, atmospheric conditions, or the observer’s inability to perceive exact measurements. On the other hand, mistakes are caused by the surveyor's lack of...
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Types of Surveys01:27

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Surveys are essential for marking property boundaries near water bodies. Different types of surveys are defined, each with its own function. Land surveys mark the property boundaries, while route surveys determine the position of properties on nearby highways. Topographic surveys create maps by capturing the three-dimensional features of the land. Hydrographic surveys focus on the shapes of underwater areas and the movement of streams through the properties. Mine surveys determine the relative...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Testing Acetylcholine Followed by Adenosine for Invasive Diagnosis of Coronary Vasomotor Disorders
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Current Practice and Safety of Invasive Coronary Function Testing: A Nationwide Multicenter Survey in Japan.

Takeshi Nishi1, Michikazu Nakai2, Masanobu Ishii3

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School Medicine, Chiba, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan.

JACC. Advances
|January 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Coronary function testing (CFT) is safe and feasible for diagnosing coronary vasomotor dysfunction, even in emergencies. This study supports wider use of CFT for ischemia or myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (INOCA/MINOCA).

Keywords:
coronary flow reservecoronary microvascular dysfunctioncoronary spasmthe index microcirculatory resistancevasospastic angina

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Interventional Cardiology
  • Diagnostic Testing

Background:

  • Coronary vasomotor dysfunction, including vasospastic angina and coronary microvascular dysfunction, is a primary cause of INOCA/MINOCA.
  • Invasive coronary function testing (CFT) offers diagnostic value but its real-world application and safety, particularly in emergency situations, require further evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the current practices, diagnostic yield, and safety of CFT in Japan.
  • To assess acetylcholine (ACh) and ergonovine (ERG) provocation tests, and coronary microvascular assessments (CFR/IMR).

Main Methods:

  • A nationwide cross-sectional survey of 235 institutions in Japan.
  • Data collection on procedure volume, positivity rates, and complications for CFT performed between January 2022 and December 2023.

Main Results:

  • Over 6,900 provocation tests (ACh and ERG) and 2,100 CFR/IMR assessments were analyzed.
  • Positivity rates were 50.9% for ACh and 32.5% for ERG; major complications were rare (1.4% for ACh, 0.4% for ERG).
  • Abnormal microvascular findings were more frequent in emergency cases, with low complication rates (0.05%).

Conclusions:

  • Invasive CFT is feasible and safe, including in emergency settings for diagnosing INOCA/MINOCA.
  • The findings support the expanded use of CFT in clinical practice for patients with suspected coronary vasomotor dysfunction.