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Artificial Intelligence in Plastic Surgery: Current Status, Limitations, and Future Directions.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely used in plastic surgery for education, diagnosis, and management. While offering benefits, AI adoption requires awareness of its limitations and a multidisciplinary approach for ethical implementation.

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Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Medical Informatics
Artificial Intelligence

Background:

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into plastic surgery practice and patient information seeking.
Numerous AI applications exist, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of their scope and impact.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a narrative review of current artificial intelligence applications in plastic surgery.
To identify and discuss the challenges and limitations of AI in the field based on existing literature.

Main Methods:

A PubMed search identified 1866 articles on AI in plastic surgery before September 22, 2025.
Exclusion criteria included letters, commentaries, reviews, surveys, and non-English articles, narrowing the scope to 460 qualifying studies.
Studies were categorized by AI modality, plastic surgery application, and subspecialty.

Main Results:

AI applications span patient education (54 articles), surgeon education (35), clinical decision-making (79), outcome prediction (62), outcome assessment (46), diagnosis (133), practice management (46), and research (17).
Large language models (LLMs) were prevalent in patient education, while machine learning dominated diagnostic studies.
Heterogeneity in study methodologies and AI models was observed across the literature.

Conclusions:

Artificial intelligence offers broad opportunities across plastic surgery, but the current literature exhibits significant heterogeneity.
Plastic surgeons need to understand AI's advantages and limitations for ethical, safe, and effective integration.
A multidisciplinary approach involving surgeons, data scientists, ethicists, and policymakers is crucial for advancing AI in plastic surgery.