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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Color Vision

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.

Velocity of an Object

Velocity of an Object

Understanding how an object moves along a path requires distinguishing between motion over a time span and motion at a precise moment. A useful example is a vehicle traveling along a straight and level path, where its position at any given time is known. The initial step in analyzing this motion is to measure how far the vehicle travels over a fixed time period. This measurement, called average velocity, is computed by dividing the total change in position by the duration over which the change...

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Potential Due to a Polarized Object

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...

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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process

Published on: June 21, 2024

Vision-based object detection and tracking from surgical microscope video for augmented cochlear implant surgery.

Shayan Alvansazyazdi¹, Razeen Hussain¹, Jan Margeta²

¹DIBRIS, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.

Cochlear Implants International

|January 29, 2026

Summary

This study introduces a vision-based tracking system using YOLOv9 and BoT-SORT for cochlear implant surgery. The system accurately tracks surgical tools and patient anatomy, enhancing surgical precision and safety.

Keywords:

Cochlear implants Computer aided surgery Object tracking Segmentation Tool localization

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process

Published on: June 21, 2024

Cochlear Implantation in the Guinea Pig

Cochlear Implantation in the Guinea Pig

Published on: June 15, 2018

Robotic Cochlear Implantation for Direct Cochlear Access

Robotic Cochlear Implantation for Direct Cochlear Access

Published on: June 16, 2022

Area of Science:

Medical technology
Computer vision
Surgical robotics

Background:

Cochlear implants (CIs) treat severe hearing loss but require precise electrode placement without visual guidance.
Surgical navigation in the delicate cochlea presents significant challenges for surgeons.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a vision-based tracking strategy for real-time monitoring of patient and surgical tool movements during CI procedures.
To enhance surgical accuracy and safety by providing visual feedback.

Main Methods:

Developed a comprehensive object detection and tracking workflow using YOLOv9 and a modified BoT-SORT algorithm.
Trained and validated the system on both in-vivo and ex-vivo temporal bone datasets.
Evaluated performance across various surgical elements including tools, electrodes, hands, and patient head position.

Main Results:

The YOLOv9-based framework demonstrated superior performance, achieving a mAP50 of 0.788 for detection and 0.762 for segmentation.
The integrated system maintained stable identity preservation and trajectory consistency.
Performance varied between ex vivo and in vivo environments, highlighting translation challenges.

Conclusions:

Vision-based tracking models show significant promise for improving surgical settings, particularly in CI procedures.
The YOLOv9 and BoT-SORT system offers a robust solution for real-world surgical applications.
Further research is needed to optimize performance across different surgical environments.