Gut trialogue: How diet influences mucosal immune system-microbiota interactions

The relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the mucosal immune system is a key determinant of health in that it plays a pivotal role in managing pathogens and avoiding chronic inflammatory diseases. Diet is a central mediator of this relationship, influencing microbiota composition as well as the function of gut bacteria and host cells. This article will review impacts of the myriad of dietary components capable of influencing the microbiota-immune system interrelationship. Such components include macronutrients, micronutrients, phytochemicals, fibers naturally present in traditional foods as well the array of food additives, including sweeteners, metals, fibers and emulsifiers that are widely incorporated into highly processed foods. We will discuss how presence and/or absence of these food components impacts health-related outcomes in mice, and mechanisms that might underlie these outcomes, including the role of the microbiota therein. We will also discuss emerging approaches to better understand the microbiota-immune system-diet interrelationship, including how they can be leveraged to improve health of humans.