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Updated: Jan 31, 2026

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
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Elevated miR-194-5p Expression during Short-Term Energy Deficit Attenuates Postexercise Muscle Protein Synthesis by

Jess A Gwin1, Jillian T Robillard1, Nancy E Murphy1

  • 1Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States.

The Journal of Nutrition
|January 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Energy deficit increases specific microRNAs (miRNAs) that reduce muscle protein synthesis (MPS) post-exercise. This molecular mechanism explains anabolic resistance, independent of essential amino acid (EAA) or carbohydrate intake.

Keywords:
anabolic resistanceenergy deficiencymicroRNAmuscle anabolismskeletal muscle regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Molecular biology
  • Nutritional science

Background:

  • Post-exercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is greater with essential amino acids (EAA) versus carbohydrate during energy deficit.
  • The molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of EAA-enriched whey versus carbohydrate on skeletal muscle microRNA (miRNA) expression.
  • To compare these effects under energy balance (BAL) and energy deficit (DEF) conditions following exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Seventeen adults underwent a randomized, double-blind study with 5-day BAL and DEF diets.
  • Participants consumed either an EAA-enriched (+EAA) or carbohydrate-enriched (+CHO) drink post-exercise (load carriage and step-ups).
  • Skeletal muscle miRNA expression was measured at rest and 4 hours into recovery; MPS changes were previously determined.

Main Results:

  • Three miRNAs (miR-194-5p, miR-324-3p, let-7i-5p) were elevated in DEF compared to BAL, irrespective of treatment.
  • During DEF recovery, miR-194-5p showed an inverse correlation with the change in MPS.
  • In vitro, miR-194-5p overexpression reduced anabolic signaling markers (mTOR, p70S6K, rpS6) in C2C12 muscle cells.

Conclusions:

  • Increased miR-194-5p during energy deficit may attenuate post-exercise MPS by downregulating anabolic signaling.
  • This suggests a molecular basis for anabolic resistance observed during energy deficit.
  • The observed miRNA changes were not influenced by the additional EAA or carbohydrate supplementation.