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Eye2Heart: A reduced mathematical model bridging cardiovascular and ocular hemodynamics

Lorenzo Sala1, Mohamed Zaid2, Faith Hughes3

  • 1Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering : MBE
|January 29, 2026
PubMed

Insights

The new Eye2Heart model links cardiovascular and ocular systems, revealing how eye pressure impacts heart function. This breakthrough aids in understanding systemic diseases with eye symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Ocular Hemodynamics
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • The cardiovascular and ocular systems share intricate hemodynamic connections.
  • Current models often analyze these systems in isolation, hindering a holistic understanding.
  • Understanding their interdependence is vital for physiological regulation and disease pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Eye2Heart model, a novel closed-loop mathematical framework.
  • To integrate cardiovascular and ocular dynamics for a comprehensive analysis.
  • To investigate the interplay between systemic and ocular hemodynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a nonlinear system of ordinary differential equations using an electrical-hydraulic analogy.
  • Integrated cardiovascular and retinal circulation dynamics.
  • Validated the model against clinical and experimental data.

Main Results:

  • The Eye2Heart model accurately reproduced key cardiovascular parameters like stroke volume and cardiac output.
  • The model successfully simulated ocular hemodynamics, including retinal blood flow.
  • In silico experiments revealed critical dependencies between intraocular pressure, left ventricular compliance, and systemic circulation.

Conclusions:

  • The Eye2Heart model provides a mechanistic basis for studying cardiovascular diseases with ocular manifestations.
  • It supports the field of oculomics by contextualizing ocular biomarkers within systemic health.
  • The model offers potential for personalized medicine and patient-specific data integration.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular systemin silico experimentationintraocular pressureleft ventricular compliancelumped-parameter modelocular hemodynamicsoculomicsordinary differential equations

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