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Related Concept Videos

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
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Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...
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Aggregate shape is classified based on the relative sharpness or roundness of the edges and corners. This classification includes categories like rounded, angular, elongated, and flaky, each with specific characteristics. Rounded aggregates, fully shaped by attrition, are typical of river or seashore gravel, while angular aggregates, such as crushed rock, have well-defined edges. Aggregates that are elongated and flaky are less desirable, as they can reduce the workability and strength of...
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

The Treadmill Fatigue Test: A Simple, High-throughput Assay of Fatigue-like Behavior for the Mouse
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Fatigue resistant elastocaloric effect in TiNi via texture-precipitate synergy.

Xu Li1, Qianglong Liang2, Chuanxin Liang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.

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|January 29, 2026
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Summary

This study presents a textured TiNi shape memory alloy with engineered precipitates, achieving a significant elastocaloric effect and exceptional fatigue resistance for solid-state cooling. The material demonstrates remarkable stability after millions of cycles.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are crucial for solid-state cooling due to their elastocaloric effect.
  • Achieving both high elastocaloric performance and exceptional fatigue resistance remains a challenge for next-generation cooling technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a textured TiNi SMA with engineered precipitates for enhanced elastocaloric effect and fatigue resistance.
  • To investigate the microstructural and crystallographic factors contributing to the alloy's performance and durability.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled directional solidification to fabricate textured TiNi alloy with Ti₄Ni₂O precipitates.
  • Microstructural analysis using electron microscopy (TEM, HR-TEM).
  • In-situ loading X-ray diffraction and digital image correlation for mechanical and transformation analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a large adiabatic temperature change (-15.9 K) with excellent fatigue resistance (10 million cycles).
  • Observed columnar B2 grains, uniform Ti₄Ni₂O precipitates, and strong crystallographic texture enabling >6% transformation strain.
  • Identified B2/Ti₄Ni₂O interfaces as nucleation sites for martensite, promoting directional growth and preserving functional reversibility.

Conclusions:

  • The engineered texture-precipitate architecture in TiNi SMAs is key to achieving both high elastocaloric effect and ultrahigh fatigue life.
  • This study provides a design strategy for fatigue-resistant SMAs for long-term elastocaloric cooling applications.