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Predictability effects during reading comprehension are not modulated by a visuospatial working memory load.

Aine Ito1

  • 1Department of English, Linguistics and Theatre Studies, National University of Singapore, Block AS5, 7 Arts Link, Singapore, 117570, Singapore. aine.ito@nus.edu.sg.

Memory & Cognition
|January 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reading speed is faster for predictable words, and this effect holds even when cognitive load is high. Visuospatial working memory (WM) is not essential for predicting upcoming words during reading.

Keywords:
Eye-trackingPredictionReading comprehensionSelf-paced readingWorking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Reading involves processing word predictability, with faster recognition of expected words.
  • The role of working memory (WM) limitations in modulating this predictability effect remains poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how visuospatial working memory (WM) availability influences the processing of predictable words during reading.
  • To determine if WM resources are necessary for computing word probabilities in real-time.

Main Methods:

  • Two preregistered experiments were conducted using native English speakers.
  • Experiment 1 measured gaze duration and skipping probability.
  • Experiment 2 utilized self-paced reading time to assess reading measures sensitive to predictability under varying WM loads.

Main Results:

  • Both predictability and WM load significantly affected reading times across measures.
  • An interaction between predictability and WM load was observed in Experiment 2, but not in Experiment 1.
  • Follow-up analyses in Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1's findings, showing no interaction, suggesting the initial interaction was an artifact.

Conclusions:

  • The predictability effect in reading is robust, even under cognitively demanding conditions.
  • Visuospatial WM resources are not required for the online computation of upcoming word probabilities during reading.