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Unveiling the Hidden Interface: Pre-SEI Governs Li Morphology in Anode-Free Li Metal Batteries.

Hyunmin Yoon1, Daehyun Kim2, Chiwon Choi1

  • 1Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 30, 2026
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Summary

A pre-solid electrolyte interphase (pre-SEI) spontaneously forms on copper, guiding uniform lithium nucleation and suppressing dendrites in anode-free lithium metal batteries. This discovery enhances cycling stability and battery performance.

Keywords:
anode‐free Li metal batterieselectrolytepre‐SEIreversibilityuniform Li deposition

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) offer high energy density but suffer from lithium dendrite growth and capacity fade due to the lack of excess lithium.
  • Interfacial chemistry between electrolytes and current collectors is crucial but poorly understood in AFLMBs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interfacial chemistry governing AFLMB performance during the resting stage.
  • To identify strategies for suppressing lithium dendrites and improving cycling stability in AFLMBs.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical analysis to study interfacial phenomena on copper current collectors.
  • Characterization of the spontaneously formed pre-solid electrolyte interphase (pre-SEI) using advanced techniques.
  • Comparative studies of AFLMBs with and without pre-SEI formation.

Main Results:

  • A pre-solid electrolyte interphase (pre-SEI) forms on copper during resting, influenced by electrolyte composition.
  • Aggregated anion-cation complexes with low LUMO levels are preferentially reduced, forming a protective pre-SEI layer.
  • The pre-SEI layer effectively promotes uniform lithium nucleation, suppresses dendrites, and enhances cycling stability, unlike cases without pre-SEI.

Conclusions:

  • The formation of a pre-SEI is critical for reversible lithium deposition and stable cycling in AFLMBs.
  • Understanding and controlling pre-SEI formation is a key design principle for developing durable, high-performance anode-free batteries.