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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Esters are reduced to primary alcohols when treated with a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent and proceeds via an aldehyde intermediate.
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Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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A Crystalline In(II) Hydride.

Olympia Mouriki1, Graham J Tizzard2, Simon J Coles2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, Shepherds Bush, London W12 0BZ, U.K.

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Researchers synthesized the first stable indium(II) hydride, a key advance for heavier main-group element chemistry. This breakthrough opens new possibilities for catalysis and small-molecule activation using novel hydride compounds.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Main-Group Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry

Background:

  • Low oxidation state hydrides of heavier main-group elements are typically unstable.
  • These compounds are valuable for small-molecule activation and catalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize the first stable, low oxidation state indium hydride.
  • To investigate the stability and reactivity of this novel indium hydride species.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of indium hydride using bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)borate ligands.
  • Characterization via NMR spectroscopy, FT-IR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
  • Computational calculations to understand stability and bonding.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of a stable, crystalline indium(II) hydride with a covalent In-In bond.
  • Comprehensive characterization confirmed the compound's structure and stability.
  • Preliminary studies showed the In(II) hydride acts as a nucleophile.

Conclusions:

  • This work reports the first stable low oxidation state indium hydride.
  • The compound's stability is attributed to specific structural and electronic features.
  • This discovery expands the scope of p-block element hydrides for chemical transformations.