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The conserved CERES-XIAN axis mediates double-stranded RNA-triggered plant immunity through modulating mitochondrial

Yu-Jie Chi1, Jia-Jing Wang1, Yu-Die Xiong1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Biology and Ecological Regulation of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|January 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Plant immunity involves pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). This study identifies AtCERES and AtXIAN proteins crucial for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-triggered antiviral defense, linking mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) to plant immunity.

Keywords:
AtCERESAtXIANdsRNAmROSplant immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Molecular Plant Pathology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is the primary plant defense against pathogens.
  • Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a viral signature, elicits PTI, but its signaling remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying dsRNA-triggered PTI.
  • To identify key proteins involved in plant antiviral defense signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of the AtCERES protein.
  • Analysis of AtCERES-AtXIAN interaction.
  • Measurement of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) levels.
  • Assessment of defense gene activation and MPK3/6 phosphorylation.

Main Results:

  • AtCERES, a leucine-rich repeat protein, mediates dsRNA-triggered defense responses.
  • AtCERES interacts with AtXIAN, a mitochondrial glycoprotein, enhancing PTI.
  • dsRNA perception leads to AtCERES/AtXIAN-mediated mROS generation, essential for antiviral immunity.
  • This mROS production is independent of respiratory burst oxygenase homologs D.

Conclusions:

  • AtCERES and AtXIAN are key components of the dsRNA-triggered immune pathway in plants.
  • Mitochondrial ROS (mROS) play a critical role in plant antiviral immunity.
  • This study reveals a novel link between mROS signaling and PTI against viral invaders.