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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
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Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules01:10

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

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Sugar (a simple carbohydrate) metabolism (chemical reactions) is a classic example of the many cellular processes that use and produce energy. Living things consume sugar as a major energy source because sugar molecules have considerable energy stored within their bonds. Consumed carbohydrates have their origins in photosynthesizing organisms like plants. During photosynthesis, plants use the energy of sunlight to convert carbon dioxide gas into sugar molecules, like glucose. Because this...
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Triglycerides are a form of long-term energy storage molecules. They are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. To obtain energy from fat, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol. This process, called lipolysis, takes place in the cytoplasm. The resulting fatty acids are oxidized by β-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which is used by the Krebs cycle. The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis...
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
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A High-Safety Solid-State Thermally Responsive Separator-Electrolyte Structure for Flexible Energy Storage Devices.

Shuo Zhuo1, Hongbo Liang1, Mengfan Pei1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals. Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Technology Innovation Center of High Performance Resin Materials (Liaoning Province), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a smart separator-electrolyte for supercapacitors, enhancing safety. This poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) structure prevents overheating by shutting down ion transport, ensuring reliable energy storage.

Keywords:
energy storage devicesreversible thermal responsiveself‐protectionseparator free

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Electrochemical energy storage devices are crucial but face safety risks due to heat from rapid ion transport.
  • Degradation and safety concerns limit the operational lifespan and application range of current energy storage solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-strength, integrated smart separator-electrolyte structure for enhanced safety in supercapacitors.
  • To address thermal runaway and improve the operational stability of flexible energy storage devices under extreme conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a smart separator-electrolyte using poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) with high-concentration salts.
  • Investigating the material's mechanical robustness, anti-freezing properties, and thermal-responsive ion transport regulation.
  • Evaluating supercapacitor performance, including capacitance retention, cycle life, and self-shutdown/recovery mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The developed structure demonstrated 81% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles at 1 A g-1.
  • The material exhibited exceptional mechanical robustness and anti-freezing performance, enabling stable operation under deformation and extreme temperatures.
  • The electrolyte successfully suppressed ionic transport above 60°C (100% capacity loss) and recovered function upon cooling, with a visual indicator for overheating.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated smart separator-electrolyte structure offers a promising strategy for ultra-safe operation of flexible energy storage devices.
  • The synergistic combination of thermal responsiveness and visual alerting enhances device safety and reliability.
  • This approach paves the way for next-generation energy storage with improved safety features and wider applicability.