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Related Concept Videos

Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

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Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...
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Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Quantification of eef1a1l1 transcript in early zebrafish development.

Gloria D Ligunas1,2, Stefan C Materna2,1,3,4

  • 1Quantitative and Systems Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States.

Micropublication Biology
|January 30, 2026
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Eukaryotic elongation factor 1-alpha 1-like 1 (eef1a1l1) transcripts show steady expression per cell during early zebrafish development. This confirms eef1a1l1

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic elongation factor 1-alpha (eef1a1l1) is a highly expressed gene in vertebrates.
  • Its transcript levels exhibit low sensitivity to experimental perturbations, making it a suitable reference gene.
  • The zebrafish ortholog, eef1a1l1, is commonly utilized as a housekeeping gene for normalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify absolute eef1a1l1 transcript abundance during early zebrafish development (first 36 hours).
  • To assess the stability of eef1a1l1 expression relative to cell number.
  • To validate eef1a1l1 as an invariant internal control for zebrafish developmental studies.

Main Methods:

  • Absolute transcript abundance measurements of eef1a1l1.
  • Analysis of eef1a1l1 expression across the first 36 hours of zebrafish embryonic development.
  • Normalization of transcript levels to cell number.

Main Results:

  • eef1a1l1 transcripts accumulate rapidly during early zebrafish development.
  • When normalized to cell number, eef1a1l1 expression remains remarkably steady.
  • This steady expression pattern distinguishes eef1a1l1 from developmentally regulated genes.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the suitability of eef1a1l1 as a reliable internal control in zebrafish.
  • Normalized eef1a1l1 expression provides a stable reference point, unaffected by developmental stage.
  • eef1a1l1 serves as an invariant control, crucial for accurate gene expression studies in developing zebrafish.