Nanoscale synthetic biology with innovative medicinal applications

The rapid advancement of synthetic biology and nanoscience has given rise to a new research field, known as nanoscale synthetic biology (NSB). This field emphasizes the interactions and coordination within entire biological systems, with the goal of achieving more efficient and controllable biological engineering through nanoscale manipulation. Nanocarriers facilitate the delivery of gene-regulating systems (such as CRISPR, mRNA, siRNA, and plasmids), nanozymes, drugs, and specific nanoprobes, enabling precise control over gene expression, modulation of biological metabolism, and monitoring of synthesized products in various organisms (including cells, bacteria, and viruses). This enables advancements in disease treatment, biological imaging, biocatalysis, and biosensing. Moreover, genetically engineered biological products can be employed in the construction of biomimetic nanocarriers with tailored functionalities, thereby fostering a virtuous cycle between nanoscience and synthetic biology. This review delves into the applications of NSB within the biomedical field, providing insight into common nanocarriers, nano-bio assembling systems, and specific NSB applications. We hope this review aids researchers in deepening their understanding of the interactions between organisms and nanomaterials, ultimately leading to the development of more innovative biological applications, the advancement of scientific technology, and contributions to addressing significant societal challenges.