Sociodemographic, Reproductive, and Clinical Profile of Patients With an Unhealthy Cervix: An Observational Study

Background Cervical cancer is a major public health challenge in India. The term "unhealthy cervix" encompasses a spectrum of cervical abnormalities detectable through visual examination, ranging from inflammatory conditions to premalignant and malignant lesions. This study was conducted with the aim of describing the sociodemographic, reproductive, and clinical characteristics of patients presenting with an unhealthy cervix at tertiary care centers in Central and Eastern India. Methods This hospital-based observational study was conducted from March 2025 to August 2025 at two tertiary care hospitals. A total of 280 women aged 21-65 years presenting with complaints suggestive of an unhealthy cervix were enrolled using consecutive sampling. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive history, and clinical presentation were collected using a predesigned proforma. All participants underwent a comprehensive pelvic examination and Papanicolaou (Pap) test. Results Among 280 patients, the mean age was 38.6 ± 9.2 years, with 163 (58.2%) from rural areas and 146 (52.1%) illiterate. The majority (n = 193, 68.9%) belonged to lower socioeconomic classes. Multiparity was reported by 215 (76.8%) participants. White vaginal discharge was the most common presenting complaint (n = 152, 54.3%). A Pap test revealed benign inflammatory changes in 175 (62.5%) and abnormal cytology in 26 (9.3%) participants. Cervical erosion was the most frequent diagnosis (n = 75, 26.8%), while premalignant conditions were identified in 26 (9.3%) participants. Abnormal Pap test results were significantly associated with illiteracy (p = 0.015), lower socioeconomic status (p = 0.042), teenage pregnancy (p = 0.018), multiple sexual partners (p = 0.003), history of sexually transmitted infections (p < 0.001), and long-term oral contraceptive use (p = 0.006). Conclusion This study demonstrates a high burden of cervical pathology among symptomatic women, particularly those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive cervical cancer prevention strategies targeting high-risk populations through enhanced screening programs, health education initiatives, and strengthening of healthcare infrastructure in underserved areas.