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Related Concept Videos

Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

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Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal...
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Magnetic Field Of A Current Loop01:16

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Consider a circular loop with a radius a, that carries a current I. The magnetic field due to the current at an arbitrary point P along the axis of the loop can be calculated using the Biot-Savart law.
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Force On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:17

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Magnetic forces on wires carrying current are most frequently applied in motors. A DC motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical work. In motors, wire loops are enclosed in a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate. The direction of the current is reversed once the loop's surface area is lined up with the magnetic field, causing a constant torque on the loop. During the process, commutators...
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Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:13

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The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 31, 2026

3D Cell-Printed Hypoxic Cancer-on-a-Chip for Recapitulating Pathologic Progression of Solid Cancer
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3D-printed self-sensing magnetically actuated microfluidic chip for closed-loop drug delivery.

Peilong Li1, Yunfan Li1, Jiajie Zhan1

  • 1School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China. fengliu@whu.edu.cn.

Lab on a Chip
|January 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We developed a 3D-printed, self-sensing, magnetically actuated microfluidic (SMAM) chip for autonomous bioanalysis. This autonomous microfluidic device enables wireless fluid control and on-chip detection, advancing automated biological research.

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Area of Science:

  • Microfluidics
  • Biosensing
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technology offers significant potential in bioscience, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.
  • Widespread adoption is limited by challenges in functional integration, operational autonomy, and scalable manufacturing.
  • Existing microfluidic systems often require bulky external pumps and complex control mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a 3D-printed, self-sensing, magnetically actuated microfluidic (SMAM) chip for autonomous bioanalysis.
  • To overcome limitations of current microfluidic technologies regarding integration, autonomy, and scalability.
  • To demonstrate a novel approach for intelligent, automated microfluidic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized stereolithography apparatus (SLA) 3D printing for rapid prototyping and integration of microchannels and a magnetic actuation module.
  • Implemented magnetic actuation for wireless fluid manipulation, eliminating the need for external pumps.
  • Integrated a self-sensing mechanism for real-time flow monitoring and on-chip analyte detection.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a high pumping flow rate of up to 972 μL min⁻¹.
  • Demonstrated good piezoresistive sensitivity of 43.1 MPa⁻¹ for self-sensing capabilities.
  • Successfully assembled the SMAM chip into a modular, wirelessly monitored platform and validated its use in a drug release application.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D-printed SMAM chip offers a novel solution for autonomous bioanalysis, addressing key limitations in microfluidic technology.
  • The device enables precise, wireless fluid control and integrated sensing, paving the way for intelligent analytical devices.
  • This technology promises to enable new paradigms in automated biological research, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions.